Telegraphic apparatus.



No. 707,557. Patented Aug. 26, |902.

c. M. nAvls. f

TELEGRAPHIC APPARATUS.

(Application Bled July 27, 1901.)

(No Model.)

mr.4 Nonms PETERS co. vamo-mwa WASHINGTON, n, c,

UNrrn STATES ATENT OFFICE.

CHARLES M. DAVIS, 'OF CHICAGO, ILLINOIS.

TELEGRAPHIC APPARATUS.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. "707,557, dated August 26, i902.

Application tiled July 27, 1901. Serial No. 69,999. (No model.)

.To @ZZ 11171/0191, z 1li/my concern:

Be it known that I, CHARLES M. DAVIS, a citizen of the United States, residing at Ohicago, in the county of Cook and State of Illinois, have invented a new and useful Improvement in Telegraphic Apparatus, of which the following is a specification.

This invention relates to telegraphic apparatus.

The object of the invention is to provide means whereby the effects of leakage or escape along the line due to sleet, snow, rain, or the like may be avoided.

Other objects of the invention will appear more fully hereinafter.

The invention consists substantially in the construction, combination, location, and arrangement of parts, all as will be more fully hereinafter set forth, as shown in the accompanying drawings, and finally pointed out in the appended claims.

Referring to the accompanying drawings and to the various views and reference-signs appearing thereon, Figure l is a diagram of a telegraph-line connecting two terminal stations, with intermediate stations indicated, and over the entire course of which line a storm is supposed to be prevailing. Fig. 2 is a view in diagram illustrating an arrangement embodying the principles of my invention and showing the relation thereof to the line-wire. Figs. 3, 4,Y and 6 are diagrams illustrating various modifications in the arrangement of the parts. Fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating shunts in the main-line circuit.

The same part is designated by the same reference sign wherever it occurs throughout the several views.

Vhen a rain, snow,`or sleet storm is in progress over any part of the course of a telegraph-line, the working of the line is interfered with and the transmission of messages thereover is impaired or rendered diflicult. This is due to the fact that the rain, snow, sleet, or the like forms a conducting path to the earth, termed a leak7 or escape, and when'in transmittinga'rnessageakeyis opened at an office which is located between a point where a leak or escape occurs and one terminal of the line at which is located the main battery the current through the path afforded by the leak or escape continues to magnetize the cores of the magnets of all or some of the receiving instruments or relays located between the point of leak or escape and the main battery at the other terminal of the line to a degree sufficient to prevent their levers from falling away or being retracted or withdrawn from their closed or attracted position. While the levers remain thus attracted the operators at such oflices hear -no sound from their instruments even though their stations may be called by the operator at some other station located on the other side of the escape, and hence no response is made to such calls, while the operator at such other station may continue to fruitlessly call. This results in waste ottime and great delay to the transmission of messages. It also frequently happens that wh'ere an office on one side of the point where occurs an escape or a leak has heard the call of an office on the other side of it and replied to it and is in course of eX- changing communication such communication is interrupted by the breaking in of some other oflice, where the relay-lever does not respond to the signaling that is passing over the line in aneffort t0 use theline, the operator attempting to use the line being ignorant of the fact that the line is already in use because his instrument does not respond or give indication of the passing of a message over the line. When a leak or escape is present throughout the entire length .of the line, as would be the case should a rain, sleet, or snow storm be in progress over its entire length, the impairment of the usefiilness of the line is increased, and it is frequently rendered wholly or almost wholly useless.

The special object of the present invention is to render the working of a line practically as good during the prevalence of a rain, sleet, or snow storm or the like as in clear weather, whether a storm prevails over a portion of the length of the line or over its entire length, and I accomplish the desired object bymaking provision for the momentary opening of the line-circuit by disconnecting it from its main battery'or batteries directly after the opening of a transmitting-key, thereby withdrawing all current from the line, and hence IOO causing the relay-lever magnets to become deenergized and saidlevers to fall back or to be retracted.

Referring to the diagram in Fig. l, reference-signs R and I-I designate terminal offices at which are located main batteries MB and MB', said batteries being connected to earth E in the usual manner. L designates the line-wire. B, C, D, F, and G designate local stations intermediate the terminal stations R and H, andthe slanting lines B indicate a snow, rain, or sleet storm prevailing throughout the entire length of the line.

Referring to the diagram in Fig. 2, I have shown one construction and arrangement embodying my invention and wherein referencesign R designates a relay, which may be of the usual construction and located in the circuit of the main line L. K designates a key of the usual construction also in said mainline circuit. M designates what I shall term the line-adjuster. This line-adjuster may assume many dierent forms in the specific details of construction and arrangement thereof. As shown in Fig. 2', it comprises two coils ac and rc, arranged to effect the opera,

tion of a lever Z. Said lever is pivotally mounted and operates between the limitingstops c and b, the coil ac operating when energized to attract lever Z and to hold the same against its front limiting-stop ZJ, while the coil 'rc operates on said lever to retract the same from its front limiting-stop b and to hold the same against its rear limiting-stop o. As shown, the coil ctc is located on one side of the pivot of lever Z,'while the coil rc is arranged on the opposite side of the pivot of said lever. It is obvious, however, that this specific arrangement is immaterial, and said coils may be arranged on opposite sides of the lever Z, on the same side of the pivot thereof, as indicated in Fig. 6. The coils ac and rc are so relatively constructed and arranged that the magnetic eifect of coil ac or the attractive power thereof upon lever Z is greater than the attractive power exerted upon said lever by coil rc, so that except when the circuit through coil ac is open said coil overcomes the effect of retracting coil rc and attractslever Z against its front limiting-stop b. Arranged in the circuit of coil ac are resistances r r', as will presently be explained, and similarlyyin the circuit of coil rc is a resist-ance r2, and hence the current in the circuits of said coils may be regulated in strength by varying said resistances. It is obvious that the eiect exerted by the coils ac and rc upon lever Z may also be regulated by adjusting said coils closer to or farther away from said lever. The leverZ forms part of the main-line circuit and operates to break or open said main-line circuit whenever said lever leaves contact with its front limiting-stop b. Sw designates a switch included in a shunt-circuit of the main line around lever Z, and when said switch is closed upon the contact z the main-line circuit is shunted around said lever. Reference sign S designates a sounder having an armaturelever Z', said lever playing between the limiting-stops CZ OZ', and said sounder may be of the usual construction and arrangement, except that the lever Z/ serves to make and break an electric circuit at its back stop d. Lb designates a source of local currentsupply-such, for instance, as a battery of primary cells, a dynamo, or other convenient source of electrornotive force. Reference sign Z2 designates the armature-lever of relay R', this lever playing between the limiting-stops t' and Z1.. When the lever of relay R is closed against its front stop h-that is, when sufficient current is traversing the main line L, in which line the coils of relay R are included-the path of the local circuit is traced as follows: from one pole of local battery Lb through conductorf, conductor g, lever Z2, stop 7L to point j, where the circuit divides, one branch of which may be designated the sounder branch, passing through the coils of sounder S and conductor 7c to the point 0, and the other branch, which may be called the lineadjuster branch, continues from point ,7' through conductor m, resistance r, conductor n, the windings of coil ac, conductort to point o, where it unites with the sounder branch, and thence returns by a conductor e to the other pole of the local battery LZ). -Thus the total local current divides between the two branches when lever Z2 is in its closed position against its front stop h, thereby effecting an attraction of sounder-lever Z against its fron t limiting-stop CZ', at the same time effecting an attraction of the line-adjuster leverZ to its front limiting-stop b.

In the foregoing description and in the arrangement of parts as shown in Fig. 2 I have assumed that the transmitting-key at a distant transmitting-station has been closed,so as to close the circuit of the main line L. When the key and circuit are open at the distant transmitting-station, the relay R at the receiving-station is sufficiently denergized to cause its lever Z2 to be retraced under the influence of its retracting-spring rs, thereby leaving the front contact or limiting stop h and being drawn back against its back stop t. In beginningits movement toward an open position against its back stop 'L' said lever opens the local circuit in both the sounder branch and the line-adjuster branch, and hence the line-adjuster lever Z, responding to the inuence of its retracting-coil rc, which is energized by current from the local battery Lb, through the path of conductor u, resistance r2, the windings of magnet-coil rc, conductor IOO fu, and conductor e to battery leaves its front contactb andis retracted toward its back stop c, thereby breaking at lever Z the main-line circuit. At this moment it will be seen that the main-line circuit is open at the distant transmitting-station-say, for instance, the terminal station H (assuming that the Inessage transmitted is proceeding from said station)-and also at the line-adjuster lever Z at the local or receiving station-say, for instance, at the terminal R, as seen in Fig. l. Consequently as connection from the main line is broken to both main batteries all current is Withdrawn from the line, and consequently the relay-levers at all the intermediate ofiices or stations-are relieved of any attractive force exerted thereon by their magnets and yield tothe force of their retractingsprings, and hence are caused to fall back to their open position, thereby operating their respective Sounders. The main-linecircuit remains open, however, at line-adjuster lever Z only momentarily, for as soon as lever Z of sounder S is moved by its retracting spring fio into contact with its back stop CZ it closes the local circuit from local battery Lb as follows: through conductor f, resistance fr', lever Z, stop CZ, conductor q, conductor n, attracting coils ac of line-adjuster M, conductor t, conductor Ve to the opposite pole of battery Lb, thereby causing line-adjuster leverZ to be again attracted to its closed position in contact with its front limiting-stop ZJ, and hence closing the main-line circuit at that point. rIhe connection of sounder-lever Z with its back stop CZ also closes the local circuit in the sounder branch, as follows: From local battery Lb, through conductor j', resistance r', lever Z', stop CZ, conductor q to point p, thence through resistance 1^, conductor m, sounder S, conductor Zt to point o, and thence returning to the other pole of the local battery through conductor e; but it will `be seen that this circuit includes the resistance 7', which is not included in the line-adjuster branch, said resistance being now transferred from the line-adjuster branch to the sounder branch, and hence the current traversing the circuit last above traced istoo weak to magnetize the core of sounder S sufficiently to attract lever Z'away from its back stop CZ. The resistance 1^ should be so adj usted as to cause the current which flows through line-adjuster coil cc to be of about the same strength as it was at iirst or somewhat Weaker, provided it be suiicient to promptly overcome the retraction exerted by the retracting-coil rc of the line-adj uster M upon lever Z. Under these conditions in continuing the transmission from the distant station-as II, for instance-when the key at the transmitting-station is again closed the full flow of current is returned to the main line and the relay-levers at all the offices are attracted into their closed positions, thereby operating their respective Sounders, and when lever Z2 resumes its closed position against its front limiting-stop Zt, in consequence of the closing of the key at the transmitting-station, the resistances lr and o" are momentarily shunted and the resistance fr is removed from the sounder branch, thereby strengthening the current in that branch sufficiently to cause lever Z to be attracted to its closed position against its front stop CZ', thereby breaking the circuit through the back stop (Z. The breaking of this circuit,

however, does not cause any movement of the line-adjuster lever Z, because the circuit through its attracting-coil ac is maintained by the Contact between relay-lever Z2 and its front contact or stop ZL, and said line-adjuster lever Z remains against its front stop Z) until contact between relay-lever Z2 and its front stop h is again broken. Thus it will be seen that when the transmitting-key at the distant station-as I-I, for instance-is opened and the line-circuit is also opened at the line-adjuster lever Z, the relay-levers at all offices intermediate said adjuster-leverZ and the distant station at which the key has been opened will fall back because of the withdrawal of all current from the line. As soon, however, as the line closes at the adjuster-lever Z the current caused by the main battery MB, through the leak or escape, returns to the line; but it does not follow that the relay-levers will now return' to their closed position on account of this escape or leak of the current, because being in their open position they are farther removed from the relay-cores than before the key at the distant transmittingstation was opened. In other Words, the opening of the key at the distant transmitting-station and the momentary opening of the line-circuit at` the adjuster-lever Z and withdrawing all current from the line permitted the relay-levers to be fully retracted from their actuating-magnets; but when said magnets are again partially energized by closing the line-circuit at the adj uster-lever Z, and the consequent iiow of current from the main battery MB through the leak or escape, the core magnetism will not be sufficient to attract said relay-levers away from their open position, and they will not be again attracted to closed position until the key at the distant transmitting-station is again closed. In other words, Vthe iioW of current through the line due to the leak or escape and through the path offered by the rain, sleet, or snow storm is not of su'flicient strength to energize the relay-magnets of the intervening stations sufliciently to attract the relay-levers from their fullyretracted or open position. l

I have described the arrangement as applied at one terminal station, as R, in receiving messages transmitted from anotheror distant terminal station, as 1I. Of course it will be understood that a similar arrangement of IOO IIO

apparatus embodying myinvention should be i located also atthe other terminal station, and the saine operation as that above described Will be obtained in such case when messages are transmitted from either terminal station or from or to any other station at which the apparatus may be located, andthe apparatus may also with even greater advantage beilop cated at any or all intermediate stations or where there is no centralor `main battery. l On very long lines or where the line is poorly insulated and the leakage or escapeis exceptionally great the location of the apparatus embodying myinvention at one or more intermediate or centrally-located ofces between the main terminals will be found of advantage. The relay-lever at such an intermediate office will almost invariably be adjusted to respond to transmission from either terminalA even at times when on such line the receiving instrument at one terminal station may not be adjusted to respond to transmission of messages from the other terminal, and also the receiving instrument at both terminals will almost invariably be adjusted to respond to the transmission of signals or messages from the centrally-located or intermediate oice or oiiices, and thus the line-adjusting mechanism embodying my invention, located at a central or intermediate station, will be operated by the transmission of a signal or message from one of the terminals and will operate to Tepeat the transmitted signal or message to the receiving apparatus at the other terminal. The greatest possible benefit to be derived from the use of my invention isV obtained by having an apparatus embodying my invention located at every-oflce on the line, for the reason that Ithe escape or leak is seldom or never so great that a relaylever at any particular oice or station will not respond to the opening of the line at the next adjacent oflice or station. Consequently with an apparatus embodying my invention located at every station on the line the line would open momentarily at every office directly after the opening of the transmittingkey at any point on the line, and -hence the working of the line would be as free and clear as though there were no escape or leak on it. If the leak or escape is so great that the relay-lever at any particular office will not respond to the opening of the line at the office next adjacent to it, then such leak or escape is properly termed a ground and requires other means for obviating the effect of the same.

In the modification shown in Fig. 3 the retracting-coil rc is omitted and the function thereof is performed by a retracting-spring y. The operation of this form of my device is similar to that above described with reference to Fig. 2 and is as follows: In the closed position of relay-lever Z2 the local current flows from one side vof the local battery Lb, through conductor f, conductor g, relay-lever Z2, front limiting-stop Zt, the coils of sounder S, conductor Zc,conductor n, the coils of magnet ctc of the line-adjuster M, and conductor e, to the other pole of the battery. When the relay-lever Z2 leaves its front limitingstop h-that is, when. the line-circuit which includes the coils of the relay-magnet R is opened and lever Z2 is withdrawn under the influence of its retractile spring rs toward its back stop Q-the local circuit above traced is broken between lever Z2 and front stop h, and consequently momentarily Ithe line-adj uster lever Z falls away from its front contact b under the linfluence of its retractile y and toward its back limiting-stop c, thereby opening or breaking the main-line circuit between lever Z and the contact b; but as soon as the sounder-lever Z' reaches its back stop d a local circuit is established from local battery Lb, through conductor f, resistance r3, lever Z', stop CZ, conductor q, conductor n, the coils of magnet ac, and conductor e to the other pole of the local battery. Upon the completionV of this circuit line-adjuster leverZ returns to its front stop b, thereby closing the mainline circuit between said lever Z and its contact or limiting stop b. When relay-lever Z2 returns to its closed position against its front stop h, a moinentary division of the local circuit occurs, part passing from the point jt', through resistance r3, lever Z, stop d, conductor q, to point pi, and the other part passing from pointjil, through conductor g, lever Z2, stop Zz, the coils of sounder s, conductor 7c, to point 2m', where the two circuits again unite and continue through conductor fn, and on to battery LZJ through the coils ctc and conductor e. The current traversing the lasttraced circuit is sufficient to energize the core of sounder S to cause it to attract lever Z' to closed position against its front stop CZ. The breaking of contact between lever Z and its back stop CZ does not affect adj uster-magnet ctc, because the current through it is maintained by contact between lever Z2 and its front limiting-stop h. The resistance r3 should be as great or greater than the resistance of sounder S for best results.

If desired, a switch comprising the lever Sw and a cooperating contact-pointe' may be arranged in shunt around the lever Z and. its limiting-stops c and b, as clearly indicated in Figs. 2 and 5.

Fig. 4 shows a modification in which the local battery is divided into two parts,^(desig nated ,respectivel y, by reference-signs l and 2,) and when the relay-lever Z2 is closed both portions of the battery are coupled up in series and current therefrom iiows through both the sounder and line-adjuster coils; but when the relay-lever Z2 and the sounder lever Z are open and the latter is bearing against its back stop CZ the current through the line-adjuster coil ac is derived from part Z only of the local battery,conductorft', lever Z/,back stop cZ,conductor q,conductor n, magnet ac, and conductor e to return, and when the relay-lever Z2 returns t-o its closed position the core of sounder S is energized and attracts its lever Z' to its front stop CZ'. As in the other forms of my invention above described, the breaking of contact between lever Z and its back stop d causes no movement of theline-adj uster lever Z, because the current in magnet ac is maintained by the contact between relay-lever Z2 and its front stop h.

While l have described my invention as shown in Figs. 2 and 6 as employing two coils in connection with the line-adjuster mechanism and while I have shown in Figs. 3 and l the retracting-coil rc omitted and replaced by IOO IIO

a retractile spring y as a form embraced within the spirit and scope of my invention, it is obvious that other forms and arrangements embodying the same idea may also be equally well adapted for use in this connection. In practice, however, I prefer to employ the two coils ac and rc, for the reason that thereby I secure the advantage that when the coils are once adjusted so that the effect of the attracting-coil ctc upon lever Z bears the proper relation to the effect of the retracting-coil o'c upon said lever thereafter any change in the strength of the local battery, Whether diminishing or increasing, requires no new adjustment of the line-adjuster coils, because the current in them weakens or strengthens coincidently and to the same degree, and hence their relative effects on lever Z remain the same. In the illustration of the modified constructions of Figs. 3 and 4f I have omitted the line-circ uit. It will be understood, of course, that the line-circuit L remains the same in said iigures as in Fig. 2.

In Fig. 2 I have shown the apparatus as applied to a terminal station-that is, Where one pole of the main battery MB is connected to earth at E. It will be understood, of course, that where the apparatus is locatedvat an intermediate station or office where there is no main battery the main line L instead of being connected through the main battery MB to earth E, as shown in Fig. 2, the line would extend on to the next oiiice, as indicated by the dotted line L', Fig. 2.

It may sometimes be desired to avoid cornpletely breaking the main-line circuit at the line-adjuster lever Z, but to greatly weaken said circuit by the removal of said lever Z from its front stop o and to still retain a completed main-line circuit adequate at least to conduct impulses of current not intended to affect ordinary relays-such, for instance, as the impulses in telephonie or phonoplex transmissions. In order to accomplish this result, the break in the main-line circuit at the line-adjuster lever Z may be shunted by a high resistance or by a condenser, or both. In Fig. 5 I have shown such shunt, in which is included both a high resistance r4 and a condenser Cr. It will be understood, of course, that either the high resistance or the condenser may be omitted. It is also obvious that the shunt should be extended to include or to surround the key K and also might be extended to surround the main-line relay R', as well as the lineadjuster lever Z, as illustrated in dotted lines in Fig. 2.

Many variations and changes in the details of construction and arrangement of parts would readily occur to persons skilled in the art and still fall Within the spirit and scope of my invention. I do not desire, therefore, to be limited or restricted to the exact details shown and described; but,

Having now set forth the object and nature of my invention and various constructions and arrangements embodying the principles p thereof, what I claim as new and useful and of my own invention, and desire to secure b v Letters Patent, is-

l. In a telegraphic apparatus, a main-line circuit including a xed contact, a vibrating lever cooperating therewith, devices for controlling the vibrating movements of said lever to open or close said main-line circuit, a relay, a sounder,and means actuated by said relay for operating said controlling devices, as and foi-the purpose set forth.

2. In an apparatus for avoiding the effects of leaks or escapes in telegraph-lines, the combination with the main line including a main battery, of acircuit-breakerinterposed in the main line and intermediate the leak or escape and the battery and comprising a xed contact and a vibrating lever arranged to cooperate therewith to open and close the main line, and means controlled by the opening of a key in the main line on one side of the leak or escape for rocking said lever to open the line connection with the main battery on the other side of the leak or escape, whereby all current is withdrawn from the line between said key and circuit-breaker, as and for the purpose set forth.

3. In an apparatus foravoiding the effects of leaks or escapes in telegraph-lines, a main line including a main battery, in combination with a vibrating lever, and a cooperating contact interposed in the main-line connection with said battery and between the battery and the leak or escape, means normally tending to hold saidvibrating` lever in closed relation with respect to its cooperating contact, and means actuated coincidently with the` opening of a key in the main line on the opposite side of the leak or escape for rocking said lever out of cooperating relation with said contact momentarily to break the main-line connection with the battery, as and for the purpose set forth.

4. In an apparatus for avoiding the effects of leaks or escapes'in telegraph-lines, a mainline connecting terminal or battery-stations, a circuit-breaking device interposed in the main line intermediate said line and its battery connection and comprising a fixed contact and a vibrating lever cooperating therewith, electrical devices operating to normally maintain said lever in closedrelation with respect to said contact, means operating upon said lever and constantly tending to withdraw said lever from said contact, a local circuit for controlling said electrical devices, and means actuated by the opening of a key in said main line on the oppositeside of the leak or escape for controlling said local circuit, as and for the purpose set forth.

5. Inan apparatus of the class described,

IOO

IIO

a main line, a main-battery connection theremeans controlled by the opening of a key at a distant transmitting-station for controlling the circuit of said electrical devices to momentarily open said switch-lever to break said main-line connection with the main battery,

. as and for the purpose set forth.

6. In an apparatus of the class described, a main line, a battery connection therefor, a line-adjuster mechanism including a switch arranged in said battery connection, magnets arranged to actuate said switch, one of said magnets tending to open the switch and the other to close the same, local circuits for said magnets, and means actuated by the opening of said line-circuit at a distant transmitting-station for controllingr the circuit of one of said magnets, as and for the purpose set forth.

7. In an apparatus of the class described, a main line, a battery connection therefor, a fixed contact and a lever arranged in said battery connection, said lever coperating with said xed contact to make and break the connectiony of said battery to said main line, an attracting-coil and a retracting-coil operating on said lever, local circuits for said coils, and means actuated by the opening of said line-circuit at a distant transmitting-station for controlling the circuit of said attractingcoil, as and for the purpose set forth.

8. In an apparatus of the class described, a main line, a main-battery connection therefor, a switch-lever arranged in said connection, electrical devices for controlling said switch-lever, a local battery, a sounder-circuitincluding said battery, said sounder-circuit having a branch which also includes said electrical devices, and a local relay for controlling said sounder-circuit, as and for the purpose set forth.

9. In an apparatus of the class described, a main line, a main-battery connection therefor, a switch-lever arranged in said connection, an attracting-coil and a retracting-coil for said lever, a local battery, a circuit for said retracting-coil including said battery, a

sounder, a circuit therefor including said local battery, said sounder-circuit having a branch including said attracting-coil, an auxiliary circuit for said attracting-coil, said auxiliary circuit being controlled by said sounder, and a relay for controlling said sounder-circuit, as and for the purpose set forth.

l0. In an apparatus of the class described, a main line, a main battery connected thereto, a circuit-breaking lever arranged in said battery connection, an attracting-coil and a retracting-coil for actuating said lever, a local battery, circuit connections from said local battery for said retracting-coil, a sounder, a circuit for said sounder including said battery, said sounder-circuit having a branch including said attracting-coil, a relay arranged in the main line for controlling said soundercircuit and its branch, an auxiliary circuit for said attracting-coil, said auxiliary circuit being controlled by said sounder, and resistances arranged in said attracting and retracting coils circuits whereby the currents therein may be varied, as and for the purpose set forth.

11. In an apparatus for avoiding the effects of leaks or escapes in telegraph-lines, a main line including a main battery, a circuitbreaker interposed between said battery and main line, means actuated by the opening of a key in the main-line circuit at a distant transmitting-station for temporarily actuating said circuit-breaker to open said line-circuit to battery, a shunt around said circuitbreaker, and devices arranged in said shunt for diminishing the current to the main line when said circuit-breaker is open, as and for the purpose set forth.

In Witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand, this, 22d day of July, 1901, in the presence 0f the subscribing witnesses.

CHARLES M. DAVIS.

Vitnesses:

E. C. SEMPLE, CHAs. II. SEEM. 

